Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. For simple sentence need to know the use of non finite verb and for complex or compound sentence need to know the use of conjunction. For changing one sentence to another 12 kinds of knowledge is important. ( k1 --- to --- k12 )
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A simple sentence consists of an independent
clause, so it contains a subject and a verb.
It does NOT contain either a dependent clause or another simple
sentence.
Examples of simple sentences – short simple sentence: The dog barked.
long simple sentence: Leaning first this way and then
that, the large tan dog with a wide black collar barked loudly at the full
moon last night from under the lilac bush in the shadow of the north side of
the house.
The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and
the cat howled.
It may have a compound verb:
The dog howled and barked.
It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:
The dog and the cat howled and yowled, respectively.
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A complex sentence consists of a combination of
an independent clause and a dependent clause. An example
with a relative clause as the dependent clause:
The dog that was in the street howled loudly.
A student who is hungry would never pass up a hamburger.
An example with a subordinating conjunction creating the
dependent clause (note the various positions of the dependent clause):
End: The dog howled although he was well fed.
Front: Because the dog howled so loudly, the student
couldn't eat his hamburger. Middle: The dog, although he was well fed,
howled loudly.
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A compound sentence consists of two or more simple
sentences joined by
(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but,
or, nor, for, yet, so): The dog barked, and the cat yowled.
(2) a semicolon: The dog barked; the cat yowled.
(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being
treated as items in a series:
The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed.
A compound-complex sentence
consists of a
combination of a compound sentence
and a complex sentence.
As the dog howled, one cat sat on the fence, and the other
licked its paws.
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A simple
sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb,
and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences,
subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.
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A complex sentence
has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex
sentence always has a subordinator such as because,
since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in
green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.
Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. |
A compound
sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The
coordinators are as follows: for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of
the coordinators spells FANBOYS.)
Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma.
In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in
green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in
red.
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SIMPLE TO COMPLEX : (1)
A simple sentence can be converted to a complex sentence by expanding a word
or a phrase into a subordinate clause. The clause may be a noun clause,
adjective clause or an adverb clause.
COMPLEX TO SIMPLE : (2) A complex sentence can be transformed into a
simple sentence by contracting the sub-ordinate clause to a word or a phrase.
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SIMPLE
TO COMPOUND (3)
A simple sentence can be converted to a compound sentence by enlarging a word
or a phrase into a co-ordinate clause.
COMPOUND TO SIMPLE (4) A compound sentence can be converted to a simple sentence by contracting a co-ordinate clause into a word or a phrase. |
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COMPLEX
TO COMPOUND (5) A complex sentence
can be converted to a compound sentence by converting the sub-ordinate clause
into a co-ordinate clause. COMPOUND
TO COMPLEX (6)
A compound sentence can be converted to a complex sentence by converting a
co-ordinate clause to a sub-ordinate clause.
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the 1st done
verb will be Verbing
in
spite of + noun/noun phrase ( need to follow)
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,
related part will be subordinate
clause
Though
+ s+ v ( need to follow )
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1st
done verb and 2nd done verb
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K1- (Verb+ing) of the subordinate clause, Since/As/
( = for cause) And, When subjects are same of 2or more clauses
The
verb done 1st make it participle When ( =
for time) 1st done verb sentence and
2nd done verb sentence
Participlesentence , sentence.
sentence Participlesentence. ( no comma )
Use
subject1time. Verb present make it (
Verbing ) / verb past make ( Having v3
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1.1 Working hard, the boy made a good result.
1.2
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1.1
Since the boy worked hard, he made a good result.
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1.1 The boy worked hard and made a good result.
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K2 And, When
subjects are same of 2or more clauses 1st sentence cause and 2nd
sentence result Note: and therefore,
is used for showing reasons.
Because
of ( On account of ) ( In case of ) participle ……… Since/As and /
and there fore
Owing
to ( Owing for ) noun of adj 1st
done verb sentence and (= and there
fore ) 2nd done verb sentence
Due
to
After ……….. When
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2.1
Because of his being weak, he could not work hard.
2.2 You will reap the fruits of your sowing.
2.3 Because of their poverty, they often suffered great hardship.
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2.1 Since he was weak, he could not work hard.
2.2 As you sow, so shall you reap
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2.1
He was weak and therefore could not work hard.
2.3
They were poor and often suffered
great hardship
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K3 - ( like K1 only difference use subject 2times )
(Verb+ing)
of the subordinate clause, Since/As/
( = for cause) And, When the subject of clauses are
different:
The
verb done 1st make it participle When ( = for time) 1st done verb
sentence and 2nd done verb sentence
Participlesentence , sentence.
sentence Participlesentence. ( no comma )
Use
subject 2times .
Verb present make it ( Verbing ) /
verb past make ( Having v3 )
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3.1
The weather being foul, we did not go out.
3.2
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3.1
Since the weather was foul, we did not go out.
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3.1
The weather was foul and therefore we did not go out.
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K4 to + infinitive verb goal related sentence is replaced
So that. “and want/wants to” is used to
join two clauses.
in
order to + infinitive verb goal related sentence in order that
for
/ for the purpose of goal related
sentence
because
may/might/can/could extra use goal related sentence
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4.1
he works hard to/in order to prosper in life.
4.2
He worked hard to
pass the examination
4.3 |
4.1
He works hard so that he may prosper in life.
4.2
He worked hard so
that he might pass the examination
4.3 He worked hard so that he might win the prize..
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4.1
He works hard and wants to prosper in life.
7.2
4.3 He aimed at winning the prize and worked hard.
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K5 Too +
adjective/adv + to +verb is replaced by so + adjective/adv + that
subject can not /could not ’ ‘Use ‘And Therefore’ to
So and can not /could not use
for too
make it a compound sentence.
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5.1
The boy is too foolish to understand it.
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5.1
The boy is so foolish that he cannot understand it.
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5.1
He is so foolish and therefore cannot understand it.
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K 6 At
once
No sooner had ….. than/ before
Scarcely had …. when
Hardly had …when
As soon as
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6.1
At once we having reached there , the rain
started
6.2
6.2
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6.3 No sooner
had we reached there than the rain
started
6.1
Scarcely had we reached there when the
rain started
6.1
Hardly had we reached there when the
rain started
6.1
As soon as we reached there, the rain started
6.2
As soon as she heard the news , she started weeping.
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6.1
We reached there and the rain started at once
6.2
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K 7 extra
information of subject or object Relative pronoun ( who, what, when , which, that), and
By a word or a phrase makes a
independent clause of a word or a
phrase that gives extra information of subject or object
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7.1
He admitted his guilt.
7.2 His honesty is known to all.
7.3
The doctor working in the hospital is known to all.
7.4
The picture drawn by Liza is very fine.
7.5
A drowning man catches at a straw.
7.6
The answer written by him was not correct.
7.7 I have no money to lend you.
7.8
He confessed his
guilt.
7.9 I expect to
meet Anita today.
7.10
I saw a wounded
bird.
7.11 He declared his innocence
7.12 Tell me your
address
7.13 He died in his native village
7.14 I have no
advice to offer you.
7.15
7.16
7.17 The teacher punished the boy for his disobedience
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7.1
He admitted that he was guilty.
7.2 That he is honest is known to all.
7.3
The Doctor who is working in the hospital is known to all.
7.4
The picture which was drawn by Liza is very fine.
7.5
A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
7.6
The answer that he wrote was not correct.
7.7 I have no money that I can lend you. 7.8 He confessed that he was guilty
7.9 I expect that
I shall meet Anita today
7.10 I saw a bird
that was wounded
7.11 He said that
he was innocent
7.12 Tell me where
you live
7.13 He died in
the village where he was born
7.14 I have no
advice that I can offer you
7.15 We can prove that the earth is round.
7.16 I am certain you have made a
mistake.
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7.1
7.2
He is honest and it is known to all.
7.3
7.4
7.5
A man is drowning and so catches at a straw.
7.6 He wrote the answer and it was not correct.
7.7
I have no money and I cannot lend you.
7.15
The earth is round and we can prove
it.
7.16 You have make a mistake, and
of this I am certain.
7.17 The boy was disobedient and so
the teacher punished him.
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K8 At,
In .. …for short time replaced by When ( mentions time) Use and to join clauses.
In ….. for month or Season while ( sudden time /little time )
At the age of…… For age---
At the time of verbing
……..when the clause says about a continuous fact
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8.1
She woke up at midnight.
8.2
In Spring the cuckoo sings.
8.3
At the age of four, Samira went to school.
8.4
At the time of my eating, the phone rang.
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8.1
She woke up when it was midnight.
8.2
When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
8.3
When Samira was four she went to school.
8.4
When I was eating the phone rang.
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8.1
She woke up and it was midnight.
8.4
I was eating and the phone rang.
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K9 By +
verbing ( gerund) If
+ affirmative sentence + Affirmative sentence verbing /if clause will
be imparetive use conj and
In case of principal
clause use ( will v1/would v1/ would
have v3 )
In the event of
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9.1
By working hard, you will succeed in life.
9.2
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9.1
If you work hard, you will succeed in life.
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9.1
Work hard and you will succeed in life.
9.2
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K10 Without + verbing ( gerund)
If + negative sentence + Affirmative/negative
sentence verbing /if clause will
be imparetive use conj or,
In case of principal clause use ( will v1/would v1/ would have v3 ) otherwise
In the event of
only unless or |
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10.1
Without working hard, you will fail in the examination.
10.2
Only members are
admitted to the club.
10.3 In the event of his being late, he will miss the train
10.4 We must eat to live
10.6 He
will work only under compulsion.
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10.1
If you donot work hard, you will fail in the examination.
10.2
If you are not a
member you cannot be admitted to the club
10,5 If you do not hurry, you will
miss the train.
10.6
He will not work unless he is compelled.
10.7 Unless you do as I tell you, you will regret it.
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10.1
Work hard or you will fail in the examination.
10.2
10.3
He must not be late or he will miss
the train
10.4 We must eat or we cannot live.
10,5 You must hurry or you will miss the train.
10.6
10.7 Do as I tell you or you will
regret it.
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K11 In spite of ( Possessive form of the
subject+ (verb+ing)
Though but/yet/still
Despite
although/ even though
Not withstanding
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11.1
In spite of his trying heart and soul he could not succeed in life.
11.2
In spite of his illness he came to
work.
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11.1
Though he tried heart and soul, he could not succeed in life.
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11.1
11.2
He was ill but he came to work
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K12 “Besides
+ (Verb +ing)” “
not only---- But also”
Both … and
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12.1
Besides teaching us English, Mr. Khan Writes novels .
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12.1
Mr.Khan not only teaches us English but also writes novels.
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