NON – FINITE VERB ( 4 kinds )
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a. INFINITIVE (
6 kinds)
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b. PARTICIPLE ( 4 kinds
)
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c.GERUND ( 4 kinds)
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d. THE VERBAL NOUN ( 1 kind)
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ACTIVE
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PASSIVE
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ACTIVE
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PASSIVE
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ACTIVE
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PASSIVE
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1.the+v5 +of + Noun
(only one way)
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1. Present Infinitive
Simple Infinitive
Noun Infinitive
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5.Passive infintive
or
Persent infinitive passive
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1.Present participle
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No use
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1. Present Gerund
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3. Present Gerund passive
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2. Present continuous Inf
or
Progressive Inf
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No use
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2.Perfect participle
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4.Perfect participle passive
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2. Perfect Gerund
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4. Perfect Gerund passive
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3. Perfect infinitive
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6. Perfect
Progressive infinitive
or, Perfect
infinitive passive
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3.Past participle
(not active not
passive only adj )
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4. Perfect Continuous infinitive
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No use
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Extra Knowledge of PARTICIPLE :
(Nominative
Absolute ) V.V.I 3S
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A. 1.
Use of Present Infinitive (
be as a main verb )
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1. I was to write to his
‡Zvi Kv‡Q Avgv‡K wjL‡Z nZ|
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1. I am to go to
(Avgv‡K cÖwZ †mvgevi Lyjbvq
†h‡Z nq)
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2. I was
supposed to go to newmarket.
Avgvq wbDgv‡K©‡U hvIqvi K_vwQj
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2. I am supposed to go to new market today
(Avgvi AvR wbDgv‡K©‡U hvIqvi
K_v)
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3.
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3. I am yet to build the house
(Avwg GLbI evwowU ‰Zwi Kwiwb)
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4. I was about to creat a new history .
(Avwg cÖvq GKwU bZzi BwZnvm
m„wó Ki‡Z hvw”Qjvg
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4. I am about to reach my goal
(Avwg cÖvq Avgvi j‡¶¨ †cŠuQ‡Z
hvw”Q )
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5. I was able to buy a car
Avwg GKwU Mvox wKb‡Z mv¶g
wQjvg
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5. I am able to swim
Avwg muvZvi KvU‡Z ˉ¦¶g
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5.I will be able to lesriti the bork by the next
month.
Avwg AvMvgx Kv‡ji g‡a¨ eBwU
wjL‡Z mv¶g n‡e|
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6. I was likely to go to
Avgvi Lyjbv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
wQj|
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6. I am likely to go to
Avgvi AvR Lyjbv hvIqvi m¤¢vebv
Av‡Q
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7. I was going to mect with heir
Avwg Zvi mv‡_ mv¶vZ Ki‡Z
hvw”Qjvg
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7.I am going to open a account
(Avwg GKwU G¨vKvD›U Lyj‡Z
hvw”Q)
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1.be+infinitive = kortobbo,socharochar corte hai
arup
badhota buzai.
2.
3.
4. be about +infinitive = cÖvq
5. be able +infinitive = joggo hoea
6. be likely+infinitive = m¤¢vebv buzai
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A.1. Use of Present
Infinitive (have
as a main verb )
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8. I had to
go to
( ‡Zvgv‡K
Lyjbv †h‡Z n‡qwQj)
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8. I have to
go Khulna
9. I have got
to go to
10. I get to go to
(Avgv‡K Lyjbvq †h‡Z
n‡e)
have
+infinitive = korta habe arup
badhuta buzai
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8. I shall have to go to
Avgv‡K AvMvgxKvj Lyjbv ‡h‡Z
n‡e)
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A.1. Use of Present
Infinitive (any
verb as a main verb )
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11.
12. It’s time
you earned a lot
GLb †Zvgvi A‡bK DcvR©b Kivi K_v wQj
13. The girl
seemed to be shameless.
‡g‡qwU‡K wbj©¾
g‡b n‡qwQj|
14. I liked to
see
Avwg †`L‡Z †P‡qwQjvg
15. I loved to go
16. I needed to go
Avgvi hvIqv `iKvi wQj|
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11. I would
like to talk to you
(Avwg Avcbvi
mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z PvB|
12. It’s
time to play now
GLb †Ljvayjv
Kivi mgq
13. you seem
to be very happy.
(†Zvgv‡K eo myLx g‡b nq|
14. I like to
see
Avwg
†`L‡Z PvB
15. I
love to go
16. I need to go
(Avgvi hvIqv `iKvi)
17. His father could not afford to bear his
educational expenses.
18.You tried your best to reach there in time.
19.He made every effort to pass the exam.
20.We have made up our mind to go for a picnic.
21.He took the trouble to answer my letter.
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17.Can not afford/could not afford + infinitive =
18.Do one’s best+ infinitive =
19.Make an / every effort + infinitive =
20.Make up one’s mind+ infinitive =
21.Take the trouble+ infinitive =
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A .5.
Use of Passive infintive or
Persent infinitive passive (be as a main verb )
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They were to be punished
(†Zv‡`i †K kvw¯— w`‡Z n‡Zv)
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17. Many books are to be read to make a good result.
(fvj †iRvë Ki‡Z n‡j A‡bK eB
co‡Z nq)
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2. He was supposed to be selected.
(Zvi wbe©vwPZ nIqvi K_v wQj)
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18. The work is supposed to be started today.
AvR KvRwU ïi“ Kivi K_v)
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3. They were let to go on a study tour .
(Zv‡`i‡K wk¶v mdi Ki‡Z †`qv
n‡qwQj)
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19. I am let to take rest
(Avgv‡K wekªvg wb‡Z n‡e
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3. Ne will be let to read the book
(‡Zv‡K eBwU co‡Z †`qv n‡e)
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4. The tree was tet to be grown up
MvQwU‡K eo n‡Z †`qv n‡qwQj
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20 . Songs are let to be sung in the cultural programme of the college
(K‡j‡Ri mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôv‡b Mvm MvB‡Z †`qv
n‡e)
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5. I was made to start the work.
(Avgv‡K w`‡q KvRwU ïi“ Kiv‡bv n‡qwQj)
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21. I am
made to translate the books
(Avgv‡K w`‡q eB¸‡jv Abyev`
Kwi‡h †bqv nq)
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5.I will be made to finish the work
(†Zvgv‡K w`‡q KvRwU †kl Kiv‡bv n‡e)
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6. Ne was likely to be selected
(Zvi wbe©vwPZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv
wQj)
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22. The book
is likely to be sold.
(eBwU wewµ nIqvi m¤¢ebv
Av‡Q)
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23 . The work is alert to be finished
(KvRwU cÖvq †kl n‡Z hv‡”Q)
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The miler was going to be discussed.
(e¨vcviwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡Z
hvw”Qj|)
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24. The new
session is going to be started
(bZzb †mkb ïi“ n‡Z hv‡”Q)
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5. Use
of Passive infintive or
Persent infinitive passive (have as a main verb )
S2 P1 (HAVE)
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1.Many things had to be learnt to be teacher.
(wk¶K nIqvi Rb¨ A‡bK wKQz
wkL‡Z n‡qwQj)
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25 . The decision has to be taken.
(wm×vš—wU wb‡Z n‡e)
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1. The book will have to be read
(eBwU co‡ZB n‡e)
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A .5. Use of Persent infinitive passive (any
verb as a main verb )
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1.They seem to be believed.
(Zv‡`i‡K g‡b nq wek¦vm Kviv
nq)
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A.2. Present continuous
Infinitive or Progressive Infinitive
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It seems that he is coming .
He seems to be coming.
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g‡b n‡””Q ‡h ‡m Avm‡Q
see page 310/1075
for more example sentence
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A.3. Perfect infinitive
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1. I am sorry to have disturbed you.
2.
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see page 310/1075
for more example sentence
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A.6. Perfect
Progressive infinitive or, Perfect infinitive passive
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1. The work seems to have been done by him
1.It seems that the work has been done by him
2. They seem to have been believed . ( Zv‡`i‡K g‡b nq wek¦vm Kviv n‡q‡Q)
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see page 310/1075
for more example sentence
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A.4. Perfect Continuous infinitive
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1. A poet is said to have been living in this
village for two years
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see page 310/1075
for more example sentence
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[B] Use of Participle
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Active
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Passive
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B.1. Present
participle
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1 . Passive present
Participle
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1. The child came dancing.
2. He went away running
3. He was speaking laughing
4. She sings dancing
5. He walked stumbling
6. They are going sailing
7. I saw him crossing the road
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1. wkïwU bvP‡Z bvP‡Z Gj
2. †m †`Šov‡Z †`Šov‡Z †Mj
3. †m nvm‡Z nvm‡Z K_v ejwQj
4. †m bvP‡Z bvP‡Z MvBj
5.†m †n†U †L‡Z †L‡Z Pjj
6. Zviv cvjyZ‡j hv‡”Q
7. Avwg Zv‡K iv¯—vwU cvin‡Z
†`Ljvg
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1. NO USE
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B.2. Perfect participle
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B.4. perfect Participle Passive
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1.Having gone to market he bought a pen .
2. Having said this, the man went away .
3. Having finished the work,we will start that work.
4. Having passed the exam, he took a job
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1. evRv‡i wM‡q †m GKwU Kjg
wKbj
2. GK_ve‡j †jvKwU P‡j ‡Mj
3. G KvRwU Kivi ci Avgiv H
KvRwU ïi“ Kie
4. cwi¶vq cvk Kivi ci †m GKwU
PvKwi wbj
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1. Having been trained, he began to Show better
performance .
(cÖwk¶b cÖvß n‡q †m AwaKZi fvj KvR †`L‡Z ïi“
Kij )
2. Having been defeated, the soldier fled away.
( civwRZ n‡q ˆmb¨iv cvwj‡q †Mj )
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B.3. Past Participle
(not active not
passive only adj )
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1. He sent a written proposal .
2. sold goods are not taken back.
3. He is our beloved president.
1. ‡m GKwU wjwLZ cÖ¯—ve cvVvj
2. weµxZ gvj †diZ †bqv nq bv
3. wZwb Avgv‡`i bw›`Z mfvcwZ
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Extra Knowledge : (Nominative Absolute ) V.V.I 3S
1. The weather
being fine we went out .
2. The sun having set , we shall leave for
home.
3. The school being closed , we return home .
4. We
must do it , not failing to collect the money.
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[C] Gerund (Non-finite verb)
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Active
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Passive
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C.1. Present
Gerund
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C.3. Passive present Gerund
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1.Smoking is harmful the health
2. Parking is Prohibit hse
3. I am for going these I am in favor of going these
4. I feel
like going out now.
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1. aygcvb ¯^v‡¯’i Rb¨ ¶wZKi
2. GLv‡b Mvox ivLv wb‡la
3. Avwg †mLv‡b hvevq c‡¶
4. amar akhon
baire zate ethea korse
feel like + gerund = akankha / ethea bakto kore
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1. He was punished by being left along
2. He fears being tortured
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1. Zv‡K GKv †d‡j ivLvi gva¨‡g
kvw¯— †`qv nj
2. ‡m wbh©vwZZ nevi e¨vcviwU‡K
fq cv‡”Q
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C.2. Perfect Gerund
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C.4. Passive Perfect Gerund
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1. I am sorry for his having gone there
2. I have heard of his having passed
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1. Zvi †mLv‡b hvIqvi Rb¨ Avwg
`ytwLZ
2. Avwg Zvi cvKv Kivi K_v
ï‡bwQ
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There is no prove of his having being tortured .
Zvi wbh©vvwZZ nevi †Kvb cÖgvY
†bB|
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[D] The Verbal Noun (Non-finite verb)
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Extra knowledge :
Wh word Qvov Ab¨‡Kvb word FHV Gi wcQ‡b em‡j evK¨wU cÖkœ‡evaK n‡ebv 3s Method
1. No where will you find such a man.
2. Never will
I talk to him
3. No wise Can you do this
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1. The reading of newspaper is a good habit
2. though the hunting of deer is interesting it is a
rude thing
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1. msev`cÎ cov GKwU fvj Af¨vm
2. nwib wkKvi Kiv GKwU gRvi KvR
n‡jI Zv nj GKwU wbôzi KvR
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…….. Body
Language…(S1)…
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6.No matter how he behaves, I won’t qural with him.
(†hfv‡eB AvPib Ki“K bv †Kb
Avwg Zvi mv‡_ SMov Kie bv|)
7. As I see, this arguments are Sound
(Avwg †hgb eywS hyw³¸‡jv
Dchyw³)
8. Because of hard labor, he will be successful .
(K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi Kvi‡b †m mdj
n‡e|)
9. Given his
honesty, he Can be relied on.
(Zvi mZZvi †cÖw¶‡Z Zvi Dci
wbf©i Kiv hvq|
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1. I feel like reading a book now.
(Avgvi GLb eB co‡Z B”Qv
K‡i‡Q|)
2. What if he does not Come?
(†m hw` bv Av‡m Zvn‡j wK n‡e?)
3. His raster reads in University and so does my
Sister.
(Zvi †evb wek¦we`¨vj‡q c‡o Ges
Avgvi †evbI
4. That being the reason we hed to go to
(GgZve¯’vq Avgv‡`i‡K Lyjbv
†h‡Z n‡qwQj)
5. Have you ever been to the river bank?
(Zywg wK KLbI b`xi Zx‡i
wM‡qQ?)
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10.He lost his job on the ground of his dishonesty.
(AmZZvi ARynv‡Z †m PvKwi
nwi‡q‡Q)
12. The fact remains
that he is an orphan.
(ev¯—e K_v n‡jv †m GwZg)
13. He can’t read let alone write.
(†m co‡ZB cv‡i bv, wjL‡Z cviv †Zv `~‡ii K_v)
14. Tipu is all Cleverer
(wUcy LyeB PvjvK )
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Body language (S2)
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1.It’s known
that he went to
(Rvbv †M‡Q †h, wZwb BUvjx wM‡qwQ‡jb)
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Non-Finites:- Non-Finites are a kind of verb that do not completely act as a verb.
Non-Finites have no subject, no modals and no tense. They have no effect of
number of subject or person.
Non-Finites are of three types:-
1. THE INFINITIVE
The infinitive acts as a noun, as an adjective or as an adverb in a sentence. It is
written by adding a ‘to’ with the Ist form of Verb. For example: to +
verb (to learn, to teach, to work etc.). Here are some sentences to give you
a better idea of infinitive:-
Let us analyze these sentences:-
In the next part you will learn different types of the infinitive...
Types of Infinitives
Infinitives are of two types:- Simple infinitive Gerundial infinitive Simple Infinitive : Infinitives that are used as a noun in a sentence are called 'simple infinitives or noun infinitives'. A simple infinitive has many uses in a sentence:- As a subject of Verb:- a. To quarrel is inhuman. b. To read is a good habit. c. To drink is a bad habit. As an object of Verb:- a. Children like to play. b. Gisele loves to dance. c. The coward fear to die. As an object of Preposition:- a. I was about to move. b. She was about to start. c. He woke up early to go to church. After superlatives and situation of adjectives:- a. David Beckham is the greatest player to see in football. b. He is the only boy to reach here on time c. Who was the first man to go on moon? Case in apposition to noun or pronoun:- a. It is my hobby to play football. b. It is easy to win this game. c. It is good to be with you. In next part you will learn Gerundial Infinitive…
Gerundial Infinitive : The infinitives that are used as an adjective or
an adverb are called 'gerundial infinitives'. A gerundial infinitive
has many uses:-
To modify a Verb:- a. He decided to work there. (Purpose) b. He went to the place to save him. (Purpose) c. We eat to live. (Cause) In these sentences infinitive is representing a 'purpose or cause'. Therefore, it modifies a verb here. To qualify an Adjective:- a. It is good to go for a walk daily. b. She is quick to learn things. c. He is hard to cope with. In these sentences infinitive is representing the feature of an adjective. Therefore, it qualifies adjectives like good, quick and hard. To qualify a Sentence:- a. To go there, I need some money. b. To go for a walk, we should get up early in the morning. c. To get a job, he had to go through many interviews. In these sentences infinitive is featuring the sentences like 'I need some money, we should get up early in the morning and he had to go through many interviews'. And it is used as isolated from the main sentence that is, it is not related to the main sentence. In the next part you will learn the use of infinitives without 'To'.
The Infinitive without
‘to’:- Though the infinitive
is usually recognized by a ‘to’ before the verb (to + verb) yet there
are certain conditions under which the infinitive is used without the use of ‘to’.
See the following to find out:-
After verbs like: Hear, see, bid, feel, make, behold, observe, watch, let, please, help need etc. a. She saw me bath. b. I bade him leave. c. She felt his touch. d. He watched her cook. After a Modal:- a. You need not go out. b. He dare not misbehave with me. c. You should listen to your parents. After the conjunction ‘but’ when it means ‘except’:- a. She was so much in pain that she could do nothing but cry. b. He did nothing but sleep. c. Under the weekend, I would do nothing but relax. In next part you will learn more about infinitive....
Some More Uses of
Infinitive:-
Along with ‘too’ and ‘enough’:- a. He is too fat to run. b. He is fast enough to win. c. Patient is too weak to walk. To combine two sentences:- a. He is vey nice. He cannot do bad works. He is too nice to do bad works. b. You are very short. You cannot walk the ramp. You are too short to walk the ramp. To remove the relative clause:- a. He is no one who can comment on me. He is no one to comment on me. b. I know a person who can teach you. I know a person to teach you.
2. THE GERUND
See the following sentences:- 1. Smoking is harmful. 2. Teaching is very difficult. 3. He hates drinking. Smoking, teaching and drinking are the gerunds in these sentences. Let us analyze these sentences:- In the Ist and IInd sentence, smoking and teaching are used as subjects and in the IIIrd sentence drinking is used as object. Therefore, these are acting as nouns. The gerund acts as a noun in a sentence and an 'ing' is placed with the Ist form of verb that is, as a 'verb + ing'. For example: working playing, bathing, running etc. In the next part you will learn uses of the gerund... Uses of Gerund : Non-finites part 7
(a) As a Subject:
(b) As an Object:
(c) As the object of a
Preposition:
(d) As complement of a Verb:
(e) As case in apposition
to the Pronoun ‘It’
(f) Use of
Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives with Gerunds, as
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Practice
for Non-Finites - 1
Remove the clauses given
in italics and rewrite the sentences by using infinitive:-
1. Do you have anything which you can sell for raising money? 2. I am proud that I can serve my country. 3. There is no one who can understand my feelings. 4. I ran so that I could catch the train. 5. She gifted me a watch which I could wear on my birthday. 6. Can you give me a book which I could read? 7. Is there anything that I can do for you? 8. I was foolish that I asked him to assist me in work. 9. I want to play so that I can score a goal. 10. I have a new dress which I will wear in the party.
Practice
for Non-Finites - 2
Remove the clauses
given in italics and rewrite the sentences by using infinitive:-
1. I would be lucky if I succeed in interview. 2. She was amazed when she saw a lion at the zoo. 3. I went to 4. He is not a man who will help you with money. 5. Is it the time when we should move? 6. Are you the one who will complete the task? 7. Bob is the man who can help you in this matter. 8. I am planning that I should give him a gift. 9. Children were happy when they saw a clown. 10. It is unsafe that you ride a bike without helmet.
Practice
for Non-Finites - 3
Rewrite the
sentences by placing the infinitive in italics in the beginning of the
sentences:-
1. It was so nice of you to help him. 2. It is not easy to meet the demand in one month. 3. It is not good to take all the credit for this work. 4. It is impossible to reach there in 6 hours. 5. It was useless to pay so mush for this. 6. It is my aim to be an entrepreneur. 7. It is risky to skip the red light. 8. It is not easy to stand for the truth. 9. It is not safe to leave the gas open. 10. It is your right to get justice. Practice For Non-Finites - 4
Rewrite the
sentences by placing the infinitive in italics in the beginning of the
sentences:-
1. It is too cold to go outside. 2. It was not my responsibility to complete that work. 3. It is not my passion to paint. 4. It is good to see you here. 5. It is not proper to cheat others. 6. It is a crime to rob anyone. 7. It is too much to tackle now. 8. It is shameful to tell a lie. 9. It is praiseworthy to speak the truth. 10. It is very easy to solve this equation. Answers:- Practice for Non-Finites - 3 1. To help him was so nice of you. 2. To meet the demand in one month is not easy. 3. To take all the credit for this work is not good. 4. To reach there in six hours is impossible. 5. To pay so much for this was useless. 6. To be an entrepreneur is my aim. 7. To skip the red light is risky. 8. To stand for the truth is not easy. 9. To leave the gas open is not safe. 10. To get justice is your right. Answers:- Practice For Non-Finites - 4 1. To go outside is too cold. 2. To complete that work was not my responsibility. 3. To paint is not my passion. 4. To see you here is good. 5. To cheat others is not proper. 6. To rob anyone is a crime. 7. To tackle now is too much. 8. To tell a lie is shameful. 9. To speak the truth is praiseworthy. 10. To solve this equation is very easy
Answers:- Practice
for Non-Finites - 1
1. Do you have anything to sell for raising money? 2. I am proud to serve my country. 3. There is no one to understand my feelings. 4. I ran to catch the train. 5. She gifted me a watch to wear on my birthday. 6. Can you give me a book to read? 7. Is there anything to do for you? 8. I was foolish to ask him to assist me in work. 9. I want to play to score a goal. 10. I have a new dress to wear in the party.
Answers:- Practice
for Non-Finites - 2
1. I would be lucky to succeed in interview. 2. She was amazed to see a lion at the zoo. 3. I went to 4. He is not a man to help you with money. 5. Is it the time to move? 6. Are you the one to complete the task? 7. Bob is the man to help you in this matter. 8. I am planning to give him a gift. 9. Children were happy to see a clown. 10. It is unsafe to ride a bike without helmet. …………………………………
Gerund
– Practice Exercise 1
Change Infinitives into Gerunds in the followings:
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Gerund
- Infinitive Fill in the blanks below with the
correct form of the verb in brackets. (Correction at the end of the
page.)
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1.
It's obvious
he's only interested in (make) ______________ money.
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2.
Anne couldn't find a taxi so I offered (drive) ________________ her to the
station.
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3.
I managed (book) ________________ two seats on the morning flight
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4.
I promise (send) _______________ you our new brochure as soon as it's
available.
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5.
Peter was delighted (meet) _______________ a former colleague at the
conference.
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6.
I avoid (take) _______________ the car whenever possible, especially in big
cities.
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7.
We finished the job by (work) _______________ 12 hours a day.
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8.
Bob sent a report to the Chairman instead of (attend) _______________ the
meeting.
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9.
A lot of people dislike (drive) _______________ at night.
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10.
I intend (speak) _______________ to my boss about your complaint.
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Correction 1
making, 2. to drive 3. to book 4. to send 5 . to meet 6. taking 7. working 8. attending 9. driving 10. to speak
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Non-finite verb
In linguistics,
a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not
limited by a subject and, more generally, is not fully inflected
by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense,
aspect, mood,
number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot
serve as a predicate and can be used in an independent clause only when combined with an auxiliary
verb (e.g., "He can write" but not "He to write").
Rather, it can be said to head a non-finite
clause.By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech (e.g., gerunds combined with articles or the possessive case); it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role—usually noun, adjective, or adverb—in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.
English has three kinds of verbals:
1.
participles,
which include past and present participles and function as adjectives (e.g. burnt
log, a betting man);
2.
gerunds, which
function as nouns and can be used with or without an article (the Running
of the Bulls, studying Latin is a way to better understand English)
3.
infinitives,
which have noun-like (the question is to be or not to be),
adjective-like (work to do), and adverb-like functions (she came over to
talk). If in order can precede the infinitive ("she came over in
order to talk"), then it must be acting as an adverb.[1]
Each of these kinds of verbals is also used in
various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming
the perfect
aspect (to have done).Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages. Some languages, especially Native American languages do not have any non-finite verbs. Where most European or Asian languages use non-finite verbs, they use either ordinary verb forms or special constructions such as nominalizations.
Participles
A participle is a verbal adjective
that describes a noun
as being a participant in the action of the verb. English has two kinds of
participles: a present participle, also called an imperfect
participle, which ends in -ing and which ordinarily describes the agent
of an action, and a past participle, also called a perfect participle,
which typically ends in -ed (but can also end in -en, -t,
or none of these), and which ordinarily describes the patient of an action.The following sentences contain participles:
- The talking children angered the teacher. (Here talking modifies children.)
- Annoyed, Rita ate dinner by herself in the bedroom. (Here annoyed modifies Rita.)
A participial phrase is a phrase consisting of a participle and any adverbials and/or arguments; the participle is the head of such a phrase:
- Gazing at the painting, she recalled the house where she was born. (Here gazing at the painting modifies she.)
- The
students who were fidgeting in their seats were anxious about the
test.
- The
students who fidgeted in their seats were anxious about the test.
- The
students fidgeting in their seats were anxious about the test.
- The students fidgeting in their seats were anxious about the test.
(Only those students who were fidgeting were anxious. It is implied that
other students were not fidgeting and, thus, not anxious.)
- The students, fidgeting in their seats, were anxious about the
test. (All the students in the group being considered were both fidgeting
and anxious.)
Gerunds
A gerund is a verbal noun that refers to the
action of the verb. In English, a gerund has the same form as a present
participle (see above), ending in -ing:- Fencing is good exercise. (Here fencing
is the subject of is.)
- Leroy expanded his skills by studying. (Here studying is the object of by.)
- My evening routine involves jogging slowly around the block. (Here jogging slowly around the block is
the direct object of involves.)
Infinitives
In English, the infinitive verb form is often
introduced by the particle to, as in to eat or to
run. The resulting phrase can then function as a subject or object, or as a
modifier.[4]- To succeed takes courage, foresight, and luck. (Here to succeed is the subject of takes.)
- I don't have time to waste. (Here to waste acts as an adjective
modifying time.)
- Carol was asked to speak. (Here to speak is the object of asked, comparable to
Carol was asked a question.)
- Do not stop to chat.
(Here to chat functions as an adverb modifying stop.)
- Paul wanted to learn silk screening. (The infinitive phrase to
learn silk screening is the object of wanted.)
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gerund - infinitive One of the difficulties of the English language is that some verbs are followed by the gerund (ex : doing) and others are followed by the infinitive (ex : to do). Below you will find a table to help you : see page 313 for more example sentence |
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When do you use the GERUND? (ex : doing) |
When do you use the INFINITIVE? ( ex : to
do)
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● After verbs that express likes/dislikes :
like, love, enjoy dislike, hate don't mind, can't stand ..... doing
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● After verbs that refer to a future event : want, hope, intend would like, promise ......... to do ● After certain other verbs, such as : afford help agree learn arrange manage choose offer fail refuse happen seem .............. to do
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The verbs : begin/start/continue
can be followed by the gerund or the infinitive
with little or no change in meaning. The verbs : stop/try/remember can also take both, but the meaning changes. |
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